In this modern era, the growing phenomenon of atheism in various countries raises serious questions about the causes and factors behind its emergence, including the various types of modern atheism that continue to develop. The Qur'an, as the main source for Muslims, has recorded similar phenomena through the stories of figures who opposed divinity in the Qur'an, such as Pharaoh, Namrud, and Qarun. This study aims to analyze the characteristics and arguments of atheists as described in the Qur'anic stories, while also revealing their relevance to modern forms of atheism. Thus, this study aims to enhance awareness of the recurring dynamics of disbelief character and argumentation that continue to recur in the journey of faith and belief, both in the past and present. The method used in this study is descriptive-analytical with a thematic (Maudhu'i) interpretive approach, using the main source of Qur'anic verses supported by classical interpretations and modern references in the fields of philosophy and theology. The analysis was conducted systematically by describing the stories in the Qur'an and then correlating them with contemporary atheist thought. The results of the study show that from the stories of three atheist figures in the Qur'an (Pharaoh, Namrud and Qarun), the author found three main characteristics of atheists, namely: (1) Anthropocentric Nihilism, which denies any power other than oneself, giving rise to deification and secular fascism. (2) Atheistic materialism, which reduces reality to symbolic feudalism and positivism. And (3) Pseudo-rationalism, which places the crisis of legitimacy and epistemic totalitarianism as the legitimacy of action. Meanwhile, their forms of argumentation can be classified into three models, namely: the Anthropomorphic Argument ‘I am the highest’, then the Teleological Argument ‘Without me, it is impossible’, and the Causality Argument ‘Everything is because of me’. This study concludes that the rejection of God in the Qur'an is not merely theological in nature, but is also influenced by psychological, social, and political aspects. Therefore, the author encourages further research on atheism in the Qur'an with a more in-depth and diverse scope. So that the truth contained therein can be further explored and show the continuity of the pattern of opposition to God from time to time, which in the end will only end with the decree of Allah SWT.