Inayah, Nurul (2024) CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF MULTIDIMENSIONAL THINKING MATTHEW LIPMAN’S PHILOSOPHY FOR CHILDREN FROM AN ISLAMIC PERSPECTIVE. S2 Masters thesis, Universitas Darussalam Gontor.
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Abstract
Since the rapid progress of technology and science, school curricula for students aged 5 -18 years old (Elementary-High school) worldwide are competing to include critical and creative thinking skills as a standard reference for students' thinking abilities. Not a few in the context of Indonesian Muslims; they also adopt critical thinking approach programs from the West. However, what escapes attention is these programs' philosophical basis or worldview, including the Philosophy for Children (P4C) by Matthew Lipman. To overcome this problem, researcher attempt to analyze the intellectual basis of P4C from an Islamic perspective so that integration can be carried out in the Indonesian Muslim context. Firstly, we will discuss the background of Matthew Lipman's thinking. Secondly, we will critically analyze the intellectual basis of Lipman's multidimensional thinking, and finally, we will discuss higher-order thinking from an Islamic perspective. This research aims to analyze the intellectual basis in the P4C program through the concept of thinking in Islam, which will intersect several concepts, such as the concepts of 'aqal and soul. This research assumes that we can adopt philosophical theories whose contents are already known from the West more precisely after discarding understandings not by the Islamic worldview—and integrating very positive things in the program with the integral concept of thinking in Islam, including material and non-material dimensions. This research uses library data, so it falls into the category of qualitative method. The researcher will use a critical analytical descriptive approach to collect data and use documentary observation as a methodology of philosophy research. After deep analysis, the author found three important results. First, knowing the background of Lipman's thinking, which is most influenced by pragmatic philosophers such as John Dewey. Second, a critical analysis of multidimensional thinking based on an understanding of pragmatism, especially Pierce's criticism of Hegel's understanding of thinking that is too metaphysical. Third, is about the nature of thinking in Islam, which includes empirical and spiritual dimensions. Thinking activities are carried out by the qalb as a spiritual representation and the mind (brain) as a rational representation. The principle of monotheism in Islam sees reality empirically and non-empirically, with the empirical represented by the rational and the non-empirical represented by the spiritual. The involvement of the qalb and the mind in thinking will bring the human soul to a state of balance called nafs muthmainnah. Some suggestions can be given to researchers who have an interest in the pursuit of critical thinking with the P4C program to conduct field research as a form of deepening or testing the effectiveness of multidimensional thinking methodologies that have been integrated into certain fields so that they can help students' thinking skills by the objectives of national education.
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